Plant-Derived Drugs: Products, Technology, Applications

Table of Contents for Plant-Derived Drugs: Products, Technology, Applications

INTRODUCTION	XV
PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS	XV
STUDY BACKGROUND	XV
STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES	XVI
CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY AND FOR WHOM	XVII
SCOPE AND FORMAT	XVII
METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES	XVIII
COMMERCIAL DRUGS	XVIII
Introduction Figure: MARKET PROJECTION METHODOLOGY (COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS AND APPLICATIONS)	XIX
DEVELOPMENTAL DRUGS	XX
Introduction Table: FDA APPROVAL PROCESS FOR NEW DRUGS	XX
ANALYST CREDENTIALS	XXI
RELATED BCC PUBLICATIONS	XXI
BCC ONLINE SERVICES	XXII
DISCLAIMER	XXII
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY	XXIII
Summary Table: GLOBAL FORECAST OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUG SALES, THROUGH 2011 ($ BILLIONS)	XXIII
Summary Figure: GLOBAL FORECAST OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUG SALES, 2005-2011 ($ BILLIONS)	XXIII
OVERVIEW OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS	1
DEFINITION	1
WHAT IS A PLANT-DERIVED DRUG?	1
TYPES OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS	2
HISTORY OF PLANT-BASED DRUGS	2
HISTORY OF PLANT-BASED DRUGS (CONTINUED)	3
HISTORY OF PLANT-BASED DRUGS (CONTINUED)	4
ORIGINS, PROPERTIES, AND APPLICATIONS OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS	5
BOTANICAL ORIGINS OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS	5
PROPERTIES	6
Alkaloids	6
Central Nervous System Inhibitors and Stimulants	6
Morphine	6
Cinchona	7
Vinca Alkaloids	7
Terpenes	7
Taxol	7
Steroids	8
Menthol	8
Central Nervous System Depressants	8
Glycosides	8
Anthraglycosides	9
Cardiac Glycosides	9
Flavonoids	9
Saponins	9
Glycyrrhizin	10
Echinacea	10
Calendula Officinalis	10
Other Plant Substances	10
Coumarins	10
Psoralens	11
Capsaicinoids	11
Phenols	11
Tannins	11
Proanthocyanins	12
Anthraquinones	12
Miscellaneous Substances	12
MEDICAL APPLICATIONS	12
Table 1 MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF PLANT DERIVED DRUGS	12
Table 1 (CONTINUED)	13
PLANT-MANUFACTURED DRUGS	13
Botanical Origins	14
Table 2 PLANTS USED AS BIOFACTORIES FOR PRODUCING THERAPEUTICS	14
Tobacco	15
Cereals and Legumes	15
Fruits and Vegetables	16
Aquatic Plants	16
Properties	17
Plantigens	17
Plantibodies	17
Medical Applications	18
Dental Decay	18
Human Papilloma Virus	18
Traveler's Diarrhea	19
Other Applications	19
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE	19
PRODUCTION PROCESS	19
Primary Production	20
Bulk Processing and Production of Extracts	21
Formulation of Medications	22
Distribution	22
Figure 1 STRUCTURE OF THE PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS INDUSTRY	23
PRIMARY PRODUCERS	23
Commercial Growers	24
Wild-Collectors	24
BULK PRODUCERS	24
Table 3 MAJOR BULK PRODUCERS OF PLANT-BASED MEDICINALS	25
FORMULATORS	26
Table 4 MAJOR FORMULATORS OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS	26
CHANNELS OF DISTRIBUTION	26
Figure 2 U.S. DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS FOR PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS	27
Wholesalers	27
Hospitals and Other Healthcare Institutions	28
Table 5 U.S. INSTITUTIONAL DRUG DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS, 2004 ($ BILLIONS)	28
Figure 3 U.S. INSTITUTIONAL DRUG DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS, 2004 (PERCENT OF TOTAL INSTITUTIONAL SALES)	29
Retailers	29
Table 6 U.S. PRESCRIPTION DRUG RETAIL DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS, 2004 ($ BILLIONS)	30
Figure 4 U.S. PRESCRIPTION DRUG RETAIL DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS, 2004 (PERCENT OF TOTAL SALES)	30
OTHER PARTICIPANTS	31
Independent Research Institutions	31
U.S.	31
Other Countries	32
Regulatory Agencies	32
U.S.	32
U.S. (Continued)	33
Countries Outside the U.S.	34
Countries with the Same Regulatory Requirements for All Products	34
Countries Requiring Less Stringent Evidence for Herbal Medicines	35
Countries with Special Regulatory Requirements for Herbal Medicines	35
Countries Exempting Herbal Medicines from Most or All Regulatory Requirements	36
EU Food Supplements Directive	37
MARKET SIZE, SEGMENTATION AND GROWTH TRENDS	38
OVERALL MARKET	38
Table 7 GLOBAL FORECAST OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUG SALES, THROUGH 2011 ($ BILLIONS)	38
Figure 5 GLOBAL MARKET FOR PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS, 2005-2011 ($ BILLIONS)	38
Figure 6 PLANT-DERIVED DRUG SHARE OF TOTAL GLOBAL DRUG MARKET, 2005 (PERCENT OF TOTAL SALES)	39
Table 8 TOP TWENTY PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS WORLDWIDE 2005-2011 ($ MILLIONS)	40
MARKET SEGMENTATION	41
SALES BY MEDICAL APPLICATION	41
Figure 7 GLOBAL MARKET FOR PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS BY MEDICAL APPLICATION SHARES, 2005 AND 2011 (PERCENT OF TOTAL SALES)	42
Table 9 GLOBAL FORECAST OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUG SALES BY MEDICAL APPLICATION, THOUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)	43
SALES OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS BY PR0PERTIES	43
Single-Entity vs. Herbal Drugs	43
Figure 8 SHARES OF SINGLE ENTITY VS. HERBAL DRUGS, 2005 AND 2011 (PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL SALES)	44
Table 10 GLOBAL FORECAST OF SINGLE-ENTITY VS. HERBAL MEDICINE SALES, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)	45
Sales of Single-Entity Drugs by Type	45
Figure 9 SINGLE ENTITY DRUG SALES BY TYPE OF DRUG, THROUGH 2011 (PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL SALES)	45
Figure 9 (CONTINUED)	46
Table 11 GLOBAL FORECAST OF SINGLE-ENTITY DRUGS BY TYPE, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)	46
SALES BY REGION	47
Figure 10 PLANT-DERIVED DRUG SALES BY REGION, 2005 AND 2011 (PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL SALES)	47
Table 12 GLOBAL FORECAST OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUG SALES BY REGION, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)	48
DETAILED MARKET PROJECTIONS	49
TRENDS IN MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS	49
DRUGS FOR TREATING PAIN	50
Overall Market Trends	50
Figure 11 GLOBAL MARKET FOR PAIN-RELATED DRUGS BY TYPE OF DRUG, 2005 (PERCENT OF TOTAL SALES)	51
Overall Market Trends (Continued)	52
Table 13 GLOBAL FORECAST FOR PAIN-RELATED DRUGS MARKET, THROUGH 2011 ($ BILLIONS)	53
Plant-Derived Pain Medications	54
Commercial Drugs	54
Figure 12 LARGEST-SELLING PLANT-DERIVED PAIN MEDICATIONS, 2005 (PERCENT OF TOTAL SALES)	54
Drug Candidates	55
Drug Candidates (Continued)	56
Dronabinol	57
Whole Plant Extract Drugs	57
Projected Sales	58
Table 14 GLOBAL FORECAST FOR MAJOR PLANT-DERIVED PAIN MEDICINES MARKET, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)	58
Figure 13 TRENDS IN ANNUAL SALES OF AVERAGE NEW DRUG ($ MILLIONS)	59
Figure 13 (CONTINUED)	60
ANTI-INFECTION DRUGS	60
Overall Market Trends	60
Figure 14 GLOBAL MARKET FOR PAIN-RELATED DRUGS BY TYPE OF DRUG, 2005 (PERCENT OF TOTAL SALES)	61
Overall Market Trends (Continued)	62
Table 15 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ANTI-INFECTION DRUGS, THROUGH 2011 ($ BILLIONS)	63
Plant-Derived Anti-Infection Drugs	64
Commercial Drugs	64
Figure 15 LARGEST-SELLING PLANT-DERIVED ANTI-INFECTION DRUGS, 2005 (PERCENT OF TOTAL SALES)	64
Developmental Drugs	65
Calanolide A	65
Calanolide B	66
Conocurovone	66
Projected Sales	66
Table 16 MARKET FOR MAJOR PLANT-DERIVED ANTI-INFECTION DRUGS, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)	67
CANCER DRUGS	68
Overall Market Trends	68
Market Segmentation	68
Alkylating Agents	68
Antimetabolites	68
Mitotic Inhibitors	68
Antitumor Antibiotics	68
Other Types of Anti-Cancer Drugs	69
Market Drivers	69
Market Size and Growth Rate	70
Table 17 GLOBAL FORECAST FOR CANCER DRUGS MARKET, THROUGH 2011 ($ BILLIONS)	70
Market for Plant-derived Anti-Cancer Drugs	70
Commercial Drugs	70
Drug Candidates	71
Drug Candidates (Continued)	72
Projected Sales	73
Table 18 GLOBAL FORECAST FOR MAJOR PLANT-DERIVED MITOTIC ANTI-CANCER DRUGS MARKET, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)	73
DERMATOLOGICAL TREATMENTS	74
Overall Market Trends	74
Figure 16 GLOBAL MARKET FOR DERMATOLOGICAL DRUGS, 2005 (%)	75
Table 19 GLOBAL FORECAST FOR DERMATOLOGICAL DRUGS MARKET, THROUGH 2011 ($ BILLIONS)	76
Market for Plant-derived Dermatology Drugs	77
Commercial Drugs	77
Figure 17 LARGEST-SELLING PLANT-DERIVED DERMATOLOGY DRUGS, 2005 (PERCENT OF TOTAL SALES)	77
Glucocortisoids	77
Aloe	78
Psoralen	78
Others	78
Drug Candidates	78
Oenothein-B	79
Dithranol	79
Projected Sales	79
Table 20 GLOBAL FORECAST FOR MAJOR PLANT-DERIVED DERMATOLOGICAL DRUGS MARKET, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)	80
CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS	81
Overall Market Trends	81
Figure 18 GLOBAL MARKET FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS, 2005 (%)	82
Table 21 GLOBAL FORECAST FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS MARKET, THROUGH 2011 ($ BILLIONS)	83
Market for Plant-derived Cardiovascular Drugs	83
Commercial Drugs	83
Figure 19 LARGEST-SELLING PLANT-DERIVED CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS, 2005 (PERCENT OF TOTAL SALES)	84
Drug Candidates	85
Sales Projections	86
Table 22 GLOBAL MARKET FOR MAJOR PLANT-DERIVED CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)	86
Table 22 (CONTINUED)	87
GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS	87
Overall Market Trends	87
Figure 20 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS, 2005 (%)	88
Table 23 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS, THROUGH 2011 ($ BILLIONS)	89
Market for Plant-derived Gastrointestinal Drugs	89
Commercial Drugs	89
Figure 21 LARGEST-SELLING PLANT-DERIVED GATROINTESTINAL DRUGS, 2005 (PERCENT OF TOTAL SALES)	90
Drug Candidates	91
Projected Sales	92
Table 24 GLOBAL MARKET FOR MAJOR PLANT-DERIVED GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)	93
RESPIRATORY DRUGS	94
Overall Market Trends	94
Figure 22 GLOBAL MARKET FOR GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS, 2005 (%)	94
Figure 22 (CONTINUED)	95
Table 25 GLOBAL FORECAST FOR RESPIRATORY DRUGS MARKET, THROUGH 2011 ($ BILLIONS)	96
Market for Plant-Derived Respiratory Drugs	96
Commercial Drugs	96
Figure 23 LARGEST-SELLING PLANT-DERIVED RESPIRATORY DRUGS, 2005 (PERCENT OF TOTAL SALES)	96
Figure 23 (CONTINUED)	97
Drug Candidates	98
Projected Sales	98
Table 26 GLOBAL FORECAST FOR MAJOR PLANT-DERIVED RESPIRATORY DRUGS MARKET, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)	99
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES AND HORMONE REPLACEMENT DRUGS	100
Overall Market Trends	100
Figure 24 GLOBAL HORMONE DRUG MARKET, 2005 (PERCENT OF TOTAL SALES)	101
Table 27 GLOBAL FORECAST FOR ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES AND HORMONE REPLACEMENTS MARKET, THROUGH 2011 ($ BILLIONS)	102
Plant-Derived Hormone Drugs	102
Commercial Drugs	102
Plant-derived Contraceptives	103
Plant-Derived Hormone Replacements	103
Developmental Drugs	103
Projected Sales	103
Table 28 GLOBAL MARKET FOR MAJOR PLANT-DERIVED HORMONE DRUGS, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)	104
OTHER PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS	104
Table 29 GLOBAL FORECAST FOR OTHER PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS MARKET, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)	105
Galamanthine	105
Ginkgo Biloba	105
L-Dopa	106
Prunus Africanus	106
Saw Palmetto	107
St. John's Wort	107
Milk Thistle	107
Valerian	107
OTHER PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENTS	108
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS	108
CULTIVATION	108
EXTRACTION	108
PLANT PART SUBSTITUTION	109
PLANT CELL CULTURE	109
Plant Cell Culture (Continued)	110
MOLECULAR FARMING	111
Issues	111
Solutions	112
Other Impediments	112
ENVIRONMENTAL TRENDS	113
HABITAT DESTRUCTION	113
PRESERVATION LEGISLATION	114
LEGAL/REGULATORY DEVELOPMENTS	114
INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND LEGISLATION	114
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)	115
The World Heritage Convention	116
The Convention on Biological Diversity	117
The Cartegena Protocol	117
The Precautionary Principle	118
Biopharming	118
NATIONAL LEGAL/REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS	118
Endangered Species and Biodiversity	118
United States	119
Endangered Species Act and CITES	119
Convention on Biodiversity	119
European Union	120
CITES	120
Convention on Biodiversity	120
Brazil	121
The National Environmental Policy	121
Conservation Units	121
Issues	122
Drug Safety	122
International Standardization	122
International Standardization (Continued)	123
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE	124
MARKET LEADERS	124
SALES AND MARKET SHARES	124
Table 30 PLANT-DERIVED DRUG SALES BY LEADING DRUG COMPANIES, 2005	124
Table 31 LEADING PLANT-DERIVED DRUG COMPANIES' ESTIMATED MARKET SHARES, 2005 ($ BILLIONS/%)	125
Figure 25 LEADING PLANT-DERIVED DRUG COMPANIES' ESTIMATED MARKET SHARES, 2005 (%)	126
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY	126
Bioprospecting	126
OTHER COMPANIES TO WATCH	127
BIOLEX, INC.	127
CHLOROGEN, INC.	128
GW PHARMACEUTICALS	129
LARGE SCALE BIOLOGY CORP.	129
MERISTEM THERAPEUTICS	130
NAPO PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.	130
PHYTOMEDICS, INC.	131
PHYTOPHARM PLC	132
PLANET BIOTECHNOLOGY INC.	132
PRODIGENE, INC.	133
SARAWAK MEDICHEM PHARMACEUTICALS INC.	134
SUBTERRA LLC	134
VENTRIA BIOSCIENCE	134
Ventria Bioscience (Continued)	135
CONCLUSION	136
PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS AT A CROSSROADS	136
PATENT PROTECTION/INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ISSUES	136
Patent Revocation	137
U.S. Market	137
TRIPS Controversy	137
INCREASING DIFFICULTY OF BIOPROSPECTING	138
OTHER REGULATORY CHALLENGES	138
ALTERNATIVE DRUG DISCOVERY PLATFORMS	138
LACK OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS	139
OBSTACLES TO START-UP FIRMS	139
APPENDIX	140
ORIGINS AND PROPERTIES OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS	140
Table 32 ORIGINS AND PROPERTIES OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS	140
Table 32 (CONTINUED)	141
Table 32 (CONTINUED)	142
Table 32 (CONTINUED)	143
Table 32 (CONTINUED)	144

LIST OF TABLES
Introduction Table: FDA APPROVAL PROCESS FOR NEW DRUGS	XX
Summary Table: GLOBAL FORECAST OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUG SALES, THROUGH 2011 ($ BILLIONS)	XXIII
Table 1 MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF PLANT DERIVED DRUGS	12
Table 2 PLANTS USED AS BIOFACTORIES FOR PRODUCING THERAPEUTICS	14
Table 3 MAJOR BULK PRODUCERS OF PLANT-BASED MEDICINALS	25
Table 4 MAJOR FORMULATORS OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS	26
Table 5 U.S. INSTITUTIONAL DRUG DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS, 2004 ($ BILLIONS)	28
Table 6 U.S. PRESCRIPTION DRUG RETAIL DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS, 2004 ($ BILLIONS)	30
Table 7 GLOBAL FORECAST OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUG SALES, THROUGH 2011 ($ BILLIONS)	38
Table 8 TOP TWENTY PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS WORLDWIDE 2005-2011 ($ MILLIONS)	40
Table 9 GLOBAL FORECAST OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUG SALES BY MEDICAL APPLICATION, THOUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)	43
Table 10 GLOBAL FORECAST OF SINGLE-ENTITY VS. HERBAL MEDICINE SALES, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)	45
Table 11 GLOBAL FORECAST OF SINGLE-ENTITY DRUG CMS, P&A House, Alma Road, Chesham, Bucks. HP5 3HB, UK Tel: +44 (0)1494 771734 Fax: +44 (0)1494 778994 e-mail: jenniferc@cmsinfo.com copyright © 2005 all rights reserved For more information about us, visit CMSinfo. 25 November 2008 Jennifer Cowlard +44 (0)1494 771734 International answering service: US +1 (508) 861 0401 Price Pledge Previous page Hot Reports Who’s Developing What in Drug Delivery? Drug Delivery Technologies: Players, products & prospects to 2015 The Global Market for Point of Care Diagnostics New Drug Futures: Vaccines Chapter New Drug Futures: Anti-Infective Chapter New Drug Futures: Respiratory Chapter Obesity Drug Discoveries: what the future holds + Obesity Tracker Obesity Drug Discoveries: what the future holds

LIST OF TABLES